Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) occurs when normally ductile metals experience a drastic increase in brittleness after exposure to certain liquid metals.

Thermal shock occurs when a temperature gradient creates stress on a material. If the stress exceeds the strength of the material, it ultimately fails.

Wear is an erosion process that occurs through surface contact. The rate of wear can be affected by stress, temperature, and the type of contact or material.

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) is a type of corrosion that is either directly or indirectly caused by microorganisms, usually chemoautotrophs.

Some industries require high temperature resistant composites. A metal, glass or ceramic matrix allows composites to withstand 900 degrees celsius or higher.

Passivation refers to a process whereby material becomes less affected by the operating environment and is strengthened to preserve its appearance.

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material used to make products with great strength and resistance to extreme temperatures and chemical attack.

Creep does not always cause damage, but must be accounted for in high temperature or high stress instances, or when using materials with a low melting point.

Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when metals become brittle and may fracture because of the introduction and diffusion of hydrogen into the metal.

While metal matrix composites (MMCs) can provide higher strength material, their manufacture can be more costly, complicated and labor intensive.